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Management Discussion
and Analysis
Investment Performance

2022 Year in Review

Assets Under Management Investment Income
$17.1 Billion $(0.7) Billion
  1 Year 4 Year
Portfolio Return (4.5) % 6.0 %
Benchmark Return (5.9) % 6.3 %
Added Value 1.4 % (0.3) %

By the end of 2021, a very buoyant year in equity markets, some uncertainty about the investment environment going forward appeared as post-pandemic supply chain issues and labour shortages led to rising inflation. In 2022, the fear that inflation may become entrenched, compounded by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, led the US Federal Reserve and other central banks to raise borrowing costs. Interest rate increases brought an end to the era of cheap money that followed the financial crisis of 2008 and had pushed up the prices of all risky assets.

As a result, the re-pricing of risk in 2022 was painful for investors. Unlike 2008, when the market slump was concentrated on equities and fixed income assets provided diversification, equity and bond markets tumbled in 2022. Some relief came from inflation-sensitive exposures as Infrastructure, Real Estate and Renewable Resources asset classes generally performed well against the economic backdrop.

The weakness in equity and bond markets contributed to a poor year for PSPP’s investment portfolio. The negative total return of (4.5) % was supported by a fourth quarter recovery and was well above PSPP’s Policy Benchmark return of (5.9) %. Alberta Investment Management Corporation (AIMCo), PSPP’s legislated asset manager, realized outperformance versus benchmarks across asset classes.

Many of AIMCo’s strategies contributed significant positive outperformance versus underlying benchmarks while very few strategies did poorly. The largest contributors to excess return were in Private Markets, specifically Infrastructure, Renewable Resources and Private Debt.

Poor investment performance in 2022 had a negative impact on PSPP’s long-term results. However, four-year performance remains healthy at 6.0%. Despite significant value add of 1.4% in 2022, poor performance relative to PSPP’s Benchmark in both 2020 and 2019 has resulted in AIMCo underperforming PSPP’s four-year annualized benchmark return of 6.3% by 0.3%.

I have never returned to a paid for work position since the day I retired. With my PSPP pension, I enjoy a busy volunteer life & being a busy family man who can give regular support to my children & grandchildren.

Colin

Investment Decision Framework and Process

Investing in capital markets involves decision making under uncertainty. To manage the risks of seeking returns in the financial marketplace, PSPP Corporation has adopted an industry best practice investment decision framework that features a fiduciary cycle of visiting and revisiting key decisions.

Investment program objectives are established by determining the appropriate level of risk to assume in capital markets within the context of the pension funding model. Assuming higher risk increases expected investment returns and reduces expected contribution levels, but increases the expected volatility of contribution rates. The goal is to balance the risk-reward dynamic of capital market participation.

The portfolio construction phase involves building an investment portfolio that is in line with established objectives and risk tolerance. Capital-market risk is managed by targeting a portfolio that is highly diversified across broad asset classes, strategies and geographies, and is optimal from a risk-reward perspective.

A formal Statement of Investment Policy and Procedures (SIPP) inclusive of governing principles, a target mix of asset classes and allowable ranges, performance benchmarks and permissible investments has been established to guide the implementation of the investment portfolio.

PSPP Corporation oversees the implementation of the investment portfolio versus SIPP guidelines and monitors investment results relative to expectations. Critical to the process are established reporting channels that deliver timely and accurate information to support the ongoing cycle of investment decision making.

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Implementation of the SIPP

Policy Asset Mix

PSPP Corporation’s SIPP that was in place as at December 31, 2022 features a policy allocation to the broad asset class categories of Fixed Income, Equities and Alternatives.

Asset Class Weight
Fixed Income 18 %
Equities 47 %
Alternatives 35 %

Equity assets are the highest return, and highest risk, category in the portfolio. Also being the largest category of investment, equities are expected to be the return driver within the pension funding model and are critical to meeting long-term objectives.

The Alternatives exposure includes allocations to long-lived Real Estate and Infrastructure assets. Long-lived assets typically provide stable and predictable income while offering the potential for long-run capital appreciation. Along with portfolio diversification, Real Estate and Infrastructure assets are expected to provide the pension funding model with a desired element of long-run inflation protection.

Fixed-Income assets are the least risky assets in the portfolio and relative to equities are expected to deliver lower but more stable returns. Typically having a relatively low correlation to equities, they are expected to provide the portfolio with an important element of downside protection during equity market drawdowns.

PSPP’s policy asset mix reflects a target portfolio that is highly diversified across key drivers of investment return.

35% Alternatives

18% Fixed Income

47% Equities

Investment Management

AIMCo is PSPP Corporation’s legislated exclusive provider of investment management services. Established as a crown corporation in 2008, AIMCo provides a large-scale, multi-client investment platform with a global reach to Alberta-based public entities including Pension Plans, Endowments and Government Funds.

PSPP’s relationship with AIMCo is governed through an agreement whereby AIMCo implements PSPP Corporation’s SIPP in the financial marketplace and supports the carrying out of decision making, oversight and monitoring responsibilities.

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Investment Results

To allow a comparison of actual investment performance to a relevant target, each asset class in the Policy Asset Mix is assigned an appropriate investment performance benchmark. As well, a total portfolio performance benchmark is constructed from underlying asset class performance benchmarks and policy weights.

AIMCo has discretion within its implementation of the Policy Asset Mix to seek investment returns beyond underlying Policy Benchmarks. All strategies implemented within each asset class are defined by AIMCo Product Descriptions, inclusive of investment guidelines along with risk and return targets.

Regular review of investment results versus performance benchmarks allows PSPP Corporation to monitor the effectiveness of AIMCo’s implementation of the SIPP.

2022 was highlighted by poor returns in Public Equity markets, the portfolio experienced an overall equity return of (8.8) %, 0.7% above the asset class benchmark. Fixed Income market returns were also poor in 2022, the portfolio experienced an overall fixed income return of (8.2) %, 0.6% above the asset class benchmark. In contrast to Equity and Fixed Income returns, the portfolio experienced an overall return in Alternatives markets of 8.4%, 3.3% above the asset class benchmark.

Table of Investment Returns December 31, 2022 Annual Returns % Compound
Annualized
Return %
Fair Value (in Millions) Asset Mix (%) 2022 2021 2020 2019 4 year
Total Fund Return 17,074.4 100.0 (4.5) 15.8 1.6 12.3 6.0
Policy Benchmark Return (Market Return)     (5.9) 10.3 8.0 13.8 6.3
Value Add     1.4 5.5 (6.3) (1.5) (0.2)
Money Market 13.3 0.1 1.9 0.2 0.9 1.9 1.2
Fixed Income 2,952.6 17.3 (8.2) (2.7) 10.4 9.0 1.8
Combined Benchmark     (8.8) (3.8) 9.9 8.7 1.2
Value Add     0.6 1.1 0.6 0.3 0.7
Universe Bonds 1,355.2 7.9 (11.8) (2.3) 9.9 7.8 0.5
Private Mortgages 662.5 3.9 (5.0) 1.2 9.4 6.0 2.7
Private Debt & Loan 942.8 5.5 6.2 8.5 5.9 4.4 6.2
Equities 8,503.3 49.8 (8.8) 23.0 2.6 16.2 7.5
Combined Benchmark     (9.5) 17.5 9.4 19.4 8.5
Value Add     0.7 5.5 (6.8) (3.2) (1.0)
Canadian Equity 861.0 5.0 (4.3) 29.5 (2.4) 20.8 10.0
Global Equity 6,310.2 37.0 (8.3) 22.3 4.3 16.5 8.0
Emerging Markets 1,332.1 7.8 (14.1) 1.3 7.7 10.6 0.9
Alternatives 5,579.0 32.7 8.4 16.1 (9.7) 6.8 5.0
Combined Benchmark     5.1 7.2 (0.2) 5.8 4.4
Value Add     3.3 8.9 (9.5) 1.0 0.5
Real Estate 2,527.9 14.8 5.1 14.3 (13.7) 4.8 2.1
Canadian Real Estate 1,731.9 10.1 7.3 14.1 (14.0) 5.5 2.7
Foreign Real Estate 796.0 4.7 0.2 15.0 (11.2) 0.1 0.6
Infrastructure 1,871.4 11.0 17.1 19.6 (2.4) 8.5 10.4
Renewable Resources 303.3 1.8 26.6 20.9 (8.3) 19.1 13.7
Private Equity 876.4 5.1 (2.6) 58.4 (10.0) 0.7 8.7
Portfolio Overlays
Strategic Opportunities 26.2 0.2 (21.5) (2.7) (2.0) 20.3 (2.6)

Despite the poor year in 2022, the four-year annualized Equity benchmark return was solid. The portfolio experienced an overall equity return of 7.5%, however it was 1.0% below the asset class benchmark. Given negative market returns in both 2021 and 2022, the four-year annualized Fixed Income benchmark return was poor. The portfolio experienced an overall fixed income return of 1.8%, 0.6% above the asset class benchmark. Reflecting positive returns in 3 of the last 4 years, the portfolio experienced a four-year annualized return in Alternatives markets of 5.0% overall, 0.6% above the asset class benchmark.

Investment Performance vs. Long-Term Objectives

The ongoing sustainability of the pension funding model is monitored through the regular completion of actuarial valuations. Given investment returns are the primary source of benefit funding, a key element of the actuarial valuation process is to establish an assumption related to the long-term expected return from the investment portfolio.

Over the last 20 years, the actuarial assumptions for expected annual portfolio returns - including a margin for conservatism - have decreased, averaging 6.3%. As highlighted by the Plan’s historical investment performance, underlying capital market factors have contributed to portfolio returns meeting the long-term objectives of the pension funding model.